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Lindy Randall
Feb 27, 202313 min read

Bibliography/Citations [PARTS III & IV]


Chapter 27: Gold, Diamonds and CS5

  1. UNC-TV Science. (2013). Make your own Diamond | UNC-TV: Science [Science Education]. Science.UNCTV.Org. http://science.unctv.org/content/make-your-own-diamond

  2. Bahcall, N. A. (2015). Hubble’s Law and the expanding universe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(11), 3173–3175. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1424299112

  3. deGrasse Tyson, N. & cloudLibrary. (2017). Astrophysics for people in a hurry. W. W. Norton & Company. (p. 17).

  4. Christian, D. (2011, March). The history of our world in 18 minutes [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/david_christian_the_history_of_our_world_in_18_minutes

  5. Howell, E., & published, D. D. (2018, August 23). What is the cosmic microwave background? [Astronomy News]. Space.Com. https://www.space.com/33892-cosmic-microwave-background.html

  6. deGrasse Tyson, N. & cloudLibrary. (2017). Astrophysics for people in a hurry. W. W. Norton & Company. (p. 18-27).

  7. Christian, D. (2011, March). The history of our world in 18 minutes [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/david_christian_the_history_of_our_world_in_18_minutes

  8. There is evidence that at least some portion of extremely heavy elements like gold, silver, and platinum are forged whenever two dense neutron stars spiral into one another and merge. In either case, however the underlying cataclysmic event is still quite rare. *Remember, neutron stars are only formed when massive stars run out of fuel and collapse. For more on this, see: Croswell, K. (2021). News Feature: Tracing gold’s cosmic origin story. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(4), e2026110118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026110118. For a more in-depth review, see: Cowan, J. J., Sneden, C., Lawler, J. E., Aprahamian, A., Wiescher, M., Langanke, K., Martínez-Pinedo, G., & Thielemann, F.-K. (2021). Origin of the heaviest elements: The rapid neutron-capture process. Reviews of Modern Physics, 93(1), 015002. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.93.015002

  9. Our Solar System. (2021, August 30). [Space Agency]. Science.Nasa.Gov. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/our-solar-system/in-depth

  10. Nature.com. (2014). Introduction: What is DNA? | Learn Science at Scitable [Science Magazine]. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/introduction-what-is-dna-6579978/

  11. Gibson, B., Wilson, D. J., Feil, E., & Eyre-Walker, A. (2018). The distribution of bacterial doubling times in the wild. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1880), 20180789. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0789

  12. E. coli – the biotech bacterium. (2014, March 25). [Science Education]. Science Learning Hub. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1899-e-coli-the-biotech-bacterium

  13. Christian, D. (2011, March). The history of our world in 18 minutes [Video]. https://www.ted.com/talks/david_christian_the_history_of_our_world_in_18_minutes (10 min in).

  14. Mass extinction facts and information from National Geographic. (2019, September 26). Science. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/mass-extinction

  15. Barnosky et al. only cite 99% but the general point is still the same (i.e., death is the ultimate driver of evolution). And without all the evolutionary dead-ends that came before us, we could not be here now. Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O. U., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., Marshall, C., McGuire, J. L., Lindsey, E. L., Maguire, K. C., Mersey, B., & Ferrer, E. A. (2011). Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived? Nature, 471(7336), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09678

  16. Breithaupt, H. (2012). The science of sex. EMBO Reports, 13(5), 394–394. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.45

  17. Dawkins, R. (2006). The selfish gene (30th anniversary ed). Oxford University Press. (p. 43).

  18. Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(25), 6506–6511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115

  19. Pando is still considered to be the largest organism ever discovered (by mass). Although, there is another contender that is of great interest; the gigantic honey mushroom Armillaria ostoyae which was discovered in Oregon. See: Krulwich, R. (2014, May 8). A Question Of Biggitude: What’s The Largest Creature On Earth? NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2014/05/08/310259300/a-question-of-biggitude-what-s-the-largest-creature-on-earth

  20. Katz, B. (2018, October 18). Pando, One of the World’s Largest Organisms, Is Dying. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/pano-one-worlds-largest-organisms-dying-180970579/

  21. Weiss, M. C., Sousa, F. L., Mrnjavac, N., Neukirchen, S., Roettger, M., Nelson-Sathi, S., & Martin, W. F. (2016). The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor. Nature Microbiology, 1(9), 16116. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116

  22. When referencing Mitochondrial Eve (mt-Eve) it’s important to clarify that Mitochondrial Eve is not the first female of a species, but rather the most recent common ancestor all humans can point to. For a more in-depth discussion about what mt-Eve means, see: Learn, J. R. (2016, June 28). No, a Mitochondrial “Eve” Is Not the First Female in a Species. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/no-mitochondrial-eve-not-first-female-species-180959593/. For a more in-depth discussion about mt-Eve and the age of her lineage “L0”, see: Brandon Spektor. (2019, October 28). Scientists Think They’ve Found “Mitochondrial Eve’s” First Homeland | Live Science [Science Magazine]. LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/mitochondrial-eve-first-human-homeland.html

  23. In listening to nearly the entire Alan Watts archive, I have pulled the quote featured, although I cannot seem to find the original lecture where it was said in this exact way. Regardless, Alan has made the point again and again, and in a multitude of different ways, just as he does here: Alan Watts. (2019, December 18). 2.3.1 Introduction to Zen [Lecture/transcript archive]. Alan Watts Organization. https://alanwatts.org/2-3-1-introduction-to-zen/

  24. Katy Warner/CSU. (2020, October 14). Echolocation—Bats (U.S. National Park Service). National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bats/echolocation.htm

  25. St. Petersburg College. (2009, March 26). Cosmic Quandaries with Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson [Panel Discussion]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAD25s53wmE (1:14:45 in).

  26. Chris Bould. (1993). Bill Hicks: Revelations [Stand-up special]. (52:20 in).

  27. Neusner, J., & Chilton, B. (Eds.). (2008). The golden rule: The ethics of reciprocity in world religions. Continuum.

  28. The Golden rule isn’t unique to one man’s culture, but is instead a universal ethic found in at least 12 major religions. See: Scarboro Missions and Paul Scarboro Missions. (n.d.). Understanding the Golden Rule. Golden Rule. Retrieved January 26, 2022, from https://www.scarboromissions.ca/golden-rule/understanding-the-golden-rule

Chapter 28: Unity

  1. Steven A. Edwards. (2012, November 19). Isaac Newton and the problem of color. American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://www.aaas.org/isaac-newton-and-problem-color

  2. White, J. (2012). Herschel and the Puzzle of Infrared. American Scientist, 100(3), 218. https://doi.org/10.1511/2012.96.218

  3. American Physical Society. (2008, July). July 1820: Oersted and electromagnetism. APS NEWS, 17(7). http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200807/physicshistory.cfm

  4. Three Models of the Universe - Watts, A. (2017). Out of your mind: Tricksters, interdependence, and the cosmic game of hide-and-seek. Sounds True, Inc. (p. 3-15).

  5. Jones, A. Raymond (2020, May 19). Ptolemaic system. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Ptolemaic-system

  6. Riebeek, H. (2009, July 7). Planetary Motion: The History of an Idea That Launched the Scientific Revolution [Text.Article]. Nasa.Gov; NASA Earth Observatory. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/OrbitsHistory

  7. Abbott, A. (2018). Discovery of Galileo’s long-lost letter shows he edited his heretical ideas to fool the Inquisition. Nature, 561(7724), 441–442. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-06769-4

  8. Although the history books will show that Galileo was not actually tortured, nor did he actually end up spending the rest of his days in prison, it’s important to understand some of the reasons as to why Galileo did not suffer this fate. In truth, he did remain under house arrest for the rest of his days and he did have to abjure his beliefs. However, if Galileo had not been as forthcoming and as apologetic as he was, it’s highly conceivable he would have suffered a much more severe punishment. See: Kelly, H. A. (2016). Galileo’s Non-Trial (1616), Pre-Trial (1632–1633), and Trial (May 10, 1633): A Review of Procedure, Featuring Routine Violations of the Forum of Conscience. Church History, 85(4), 724–761. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009640716001190


Chapter 29: Concepts of Unity

  1. Baumgartner, R. J., Van Kranendonk, M. J., Wacey, D., Fiorentini, M. L., Saunders, M., Caruso, S., Pages, A., Homann, M., & Guagliardo, P. (2019). Nano−porous pyrite and organic matter in 3.5-billion-year-old stromatolites record primordial life. Geology, 47(11), 1039–1043. https://doi.org/10.1130/G46365.1

  2. Dawkins, R. (2005, July). Why the universe seems so strange [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/richard_dawkins_why_the_universe_seems_so_strange

  3. Turner, A. G. R., Michael S. (2008, September 23). The Expanding Universe: From Slowdown to Speed Up. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/expanding-universe-slows-then-speeds/

  4. Baker, H. (2021, August 17). Pi calculated to a record-breaking 62.8 trillion digits [Science Magazine]. Livescience.Com. https://www.livescience.com/record-number-of-pi-digits.html

  5. This was originally a theory from Freud but also had support from Carl Jung. It is also of note that Wegner et al. have found evidence of suppressed thoughts in dreams. See: Wegner, D. M., Wenzlaff, R. M., & Kozak, M. (2004). Dream Rebound: The Return of Suppressed Thoughts in Dreams. Psychological Science, 15(4), 232–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00657.x

  6. Pythagoras was supposedly one of Anaximander’s students. See: Stewart, D. (2015, November 28). Anaximander—Biography, Facts and Pictures [Educational Resource]. https://www.famousscientists.org/anaximander/

  7. Evans, J. (2020, September 11). Anaximander. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anaximander

  8. World Science Festival. (2013, May). Infinity: The Science of Endless [Panel Discussion]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDCJZ81PwVM (11 min. in).

  9. Westerhoff, J. C. (2021). Nāgārjuna. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/nagarjuna/

  10. To my knowledge, this quote was first found in The Book of the Twenty-four Philosophers (circa 12th century CE), but has been repeated and championed by various philosophers including Nicholas of Cusa. One of my heroes, Joseph Campbell, has added a little piece to the quote, and so I am quoting his quotation. See: Campbell, J., & Moyers, B. D. (2011). The power of myth. Broadway Books. (p. 191).

  11. Nadler, S. (2020). Baruch Spinoza. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/spinoza/

  12. World Science Festival. (2013, May). Infinity: The Science of Endless [Panel Discussion]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDCJZ81PwVM (12:30 in).

  13. Perkowitz, S. (2021, July 22). E = mc2. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/E-mc2-equation

  14. Kauffman, S. (2010, March 8). The Philosophy of Mind, 1. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2010/03/the_philosophy_of_mind.html

  15. “The big bang tells us how the universe evolved from a split second after whatever brought it into existence but the big bang theory, many people don’t realize is completely silent on what happened at time zero itself, the very beginning. And when we try to fill in that gap as we have been for a number of decades now we find that there is a good chance that there wasn’t a single big bang event, that there were possibly many big bang events at various and far flung places throughout a larger cosmos giving rise to universe upon universe upon universe, our universe being the aftermath of one of those bangs. There are other universes which are the aftermaths of the other bangs.” - Brian Greene From: Transcript for Brian Greene on Parallel Universes. (2011, May 1). [Interview]. In To the best of our Knowledge. PRX. http://archive.ttbook.org/book/transcript/transcript-brian-greene-parallel-universes


Chapter 30: Piecing it all Together

  1. Watts, A. (2002). The Tao of philosophy: The edited transcripts. (p. 34)

  2. The question: “What is life?” has been asked again and again, but there is still no great consensus or agreement. Viruses, for example, exist in some kind of bizarre grey area between living and non-living, which is still a heated debate to this day. Having said that, Sir Paul Nurse has done a fine job of synthesizing a handful of principles in his latest book, What is Life? He even considers viruses as being alive. See: Nurse, P. (2021). What is life? Five great ideas in biology (First American edition). W.W. Norton & Company.

  3. Carl Zimmer also takes on the question “Are Viruses Alive?” in his Royal Institution lecture: The Royal Institution. (2021, November 25). Are Viruses Alive? - With Carl Zimmer [Ri Lecture]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tryg5UCp6fI

  4. NASA defines life as follows: “Life is a self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution” in: NASA Astrobiology. (2022, January). [Government Space Agency]. Nasa.Gov. https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/research/life-detection/about/

  5. Vaughan, D. (2020, May 19). What Is the Most Widely Practiced Religion in the World?. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/story/what-is-the-most-widely-practiced-religion-in-the-world

  6. Majumdar, S. (2018, June 29). 5 facts about religion in India [Think Tank]. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/06/29/5-facts-about-religion-in-india/

  7. Watts, A. (2017). Out of your mind: Tricksters, interdependence, and the cosmic game of hide-and-seek. Sounds True, Inc. (p. 15-29; 121-34).

  8. Eknath, E., & Nagler, M. N. (Eds.). (2007). The Upanishads (2nd ed). Nilgiri Press. (p. 89).

  9. Olivelle, P. (Ed.). (1998). The early Upanishads: Annotated text and translation. Oxford University Press. (p. 12-13).

  10. Jordan Peterson. (March 2, 2021). The Psychology of Psychedelics—Roland Griffiths (S4 E20) [Video]. https://youtu.be/NGIP-3Q-p_s (1:07:45 in).


Chapter 31: Speciation Events

  1. Van Wyhe, J. (2013). Dispelling the darkness: Voyage in the Malay Archipelago and the discovery of evolution by Wallace and Darwin. World Scientific.

  2. Marshall, E. (2018, July). 160th anniversary of the presentation of “On the tendency of Species… [Natural History Society]. The Linnean Society. https://www.linnean.org/news/2018/07/01/1st-july-2018-160th-anniversary-of-the-presentation-of-on-the-tendency-of-species-to-form-varieties

  3. Wulf, A. (2016). The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt’s New World (1st Vintage Books edition). Vintage Books. (p. 327-353).

  4. Ibid., (p. 345-47).

  5. Quote from Darwin, C. (2009). The Voyage of the Beagle (C. W. Elliot, Ed.). P.F. Collier & Son Company. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle/ (p. 384).

  6. Dawkins, R. (2009). The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution United States: Free Press. (p. 33).

  7. Reznick, D. N. (2011). The “Origin” Then and Now: An Interpretive Guide to the “Origin of Species.” Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400833573 (p. 205-16).

  8. Byrne, K., & Nichols, R. A. (1999). Culex pipiens in London Underground tunnels: Differentiation between surface and subterranean populations. Heredity, 82(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6884120

  9. Morell, V. (2015). From Wolf to Dog. Scientific American, 313(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0715-60

  10. Cirilli, O., Pandolfi, L., Rook, L., & Bernor, R. L. (2021). Evolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 10156. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89440-9

  11. Čirjak, A. (2020, February). What Is A Hinny? WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/what-is-a-hinny.html

  12. Human-Chimpanzee split dated to be approximately 7-8 million years ago, in: Langergraber, K. E., Prufer, K., Rowney, C., Boesch, C., Crockford, C., Fawcett, K., Inoue, E., Inoue-Muruyama, M., Mitani, J. C., Muller, M. N., Robbins, M. M., Schubert, G., Stoinski, T. S., Viola, B., Watts, D., Wittig, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., Zuberbuhler, K., Paabo, S., & Vigilant, L. (2012). Generation times in wild chimpanzees and gorillas suggest earlier divergence times in great ape and human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(39), 15716–15721. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211740109

  13. Human-Chimpanzee split dated to be approximately 6-7 million years ago, in: Young, N. M., Capellini, T. D., Roach, N. T., & Alemseged, Z. (2015). Fossil hominin shoulders support an African ape-like last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(38), 11829–11834. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511220112

  14. Human-Chimpanzee split may have occurred as recently as 6.6 million years ago, in: Amster, G., & Sella, G. (2016). Life history effects on the molecular clock of autosomes and sex chromosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(6), 1588–1593. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515798113

  15. Theobald, D. L. (2010). A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry. Nature, 465(7295), 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09014

  16. Weiss, M. C., Sousa, F. L., Mrnjavac, N., Neukirchen, S., Roettger, M., Nelson-Sathi, S., & Martin, W. F. (2016). The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor. Nature Microbiology, 1(9), 16116. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116

  17. “The first signs of life appear as carbon isotope signatures in rocks 3.95 billion years of age,” cites the following paper: Weiss, M. C., Preiner, M., Xavier, J. C., Zimorski, V., & Martin, W. F. (2018). The last universal common ancestor between ancient Earth chemistry and the onset of genetics. PLoS Genetics, 14(8), e1007518. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007518

  18. Botigué, L. R., Song, S., Scheu, A., Gopalan, S., Pendleton, A. L., Oetjens, M., Taravella, A. M., Seregély, T., Zeeb-Lanz, A., Arbogast, R.-M., Bobo, D., Daly, K., Unterländer, M., Burger, J., Kidd, J. M., & Veeramah, K. R. (2017). Ancient European dog genomes reveal continuity since the Early Neolithic. Nature Communications, 8(1), 16082. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16082

  19. There are at least 354 distinctive dog breeds currently recognized by the World Canine Organization (aka the FCI). See: Presentation of our organisation. (2021, June). [World Canine Organisation]. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. http://www.fci.be/en/Presentation-of-our-organisation-4.html

  20. Dawkins, R. (2009). The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution United States: Free Press. (p. 27).

  21. Darwin, C. (1998). The origin of species. Wordsworth. (p. 3-101).

Additional References for Chapter 31:

The Great Tree of Life. © Len Eisenberg (2008, 2017) is also available as a video here: https://youtu.be/f67Pem71tXM (www.evogeneao.com)


Chapter 32: Interdependence

  1. Baumgartner, R. J., Van Kranendonk, M. J., Wacey, D., Fiorentini, M. L., Saunders, M., Caruso, S., Pages, A., Homann, M., & Guagliardo, P. (2019). Nano−porous pyrite and organic matter in 3.5-billion-year-old stromatolites record primordial life. Geology, 47(11), 1039–1043. https://doi.org/10.1130/G46365.1

  2. Anscombe, G. E. M. (2000). An introduction to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. St. Augustine’s Press. (p. 151).

  3. University of Alaska Fairbanks. (2017, October 11). How rabies can induce frenzied behavior: Researchers better understand the disease that kills 59,000 people annually. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 3, 2022 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171011091847.htm

  4. Oxford Martin School. (2020, March 6). What is Life? Sir Paul Nurse - 2020 James Martin Memorial Lecture [Video]. https://youtu.be/92oMfkuOIlA (58:35 in).

  5. Darwin, C. (1998). The Origin of Species. Wordsworth. (p. 50-51; 368-69)

  6. Watts, A. (2009, April 16). 1.2.9. - Taoist Way—Pt. 1 [Lecture/transcript archive]. Alan Watts Organization. https://alanwatts.org/1-2-9-taoist-way-pt-1/

  7. Watts, A. (n.d.). The Tao of Philosophy 3: Coincidence of Opposites. The Library. Retrieved February 2, 2022, from https://www.organism.earth/library/document/tao-of-philosophy-3

  8. Dawkins, R. (1997). Climbing Mount Improbable. W.W. Norton & Company. (p. 139).

  9. Dawkins, R., & Wong, Y. (2016). The Ancestor’s Tale: A pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (p. 674).

  10. Fang, J. (2010). Snake infrared detection unravelled. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2010.122

  11. Dawkins, R. (1991). Growing up in the Universe: Climbing Mount Improbable [Video]. https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1991/growing-up-in-the-universe/climbing-mount-improbable (3:45 in).

  12. Segrest, T. (2008, December 3). Wandering Toward Wonder: The Incendiary Trail of Werner Herzog’s Fever Dreams. International Documentary Association. https://www.documentary.org/feature/wandering-toward-wonder-incendiary-trail-werner-herzogs-fever-dreams

  13. Boeree, Dr. C. G. (1999). Metaphysics. https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/meta.html

  14. Lee C, A. (2006). Baruch Spinoza, “Human Beings are Determined.” Philosophical Ethics. https://philosophy.lander.edu/intro/spinoza.shtml

  15. Campbell, J., & Moyers, B. D. (2011). The Power of Myth. Broadway Books. (p. 83).


Chapter 33: Cuckoos III & Story B

  1. Basham, A. Llewellyn , Narayanan, . Vasudha , Dimock, . Edward C. , Doniger, . Wendy , Smith, . Brian K. , Gold, . Ann G. and Buitenen, . J.A.B. van (2022, January 26). Hinduism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism

  2. Shashkevich, A. (2018, August 20). Buddhism and its origins. Stanford News. https://news.stanford.edu/2018/08/20/stanford-scholar-discusses-buddhism-origins/

  3. Society, N. G. (2020). Taoism. In National Geographic Society. http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/taoism/

  4. Society, N. G. (2019). Chinese Religions and Philosophies. In National Geographic Society. http://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/chinese-religions-and-philosophies/

  5. Clark, L. (2018, July). Dharma and the Tao: How Buddhism and Daoism have influenced each other; Why Zen and Taoism can be complementary. Buddha Weekly. https://buddhaweekly.com/dharma-and-the-tao-how-buddhism-and-daoism-have-influenced-each-other-why-zen-and-taoism-can-be-compliementary/

  6. Westerhoff, J. C. (2021). Nāgārjuna. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/nagarjuna/

  7. Watts, A. (2017). Out of your mind: Tricksters, interdependence, and the cosmic game of hide-and-seek. Sounds True, Inc. (p. 161).

  8. Graham, D. W. “Heraclitus—The Doctrine of Flux and the Unity of Opposites.” In Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved February 4, 2022, from https://iep.utm.edu/heraclit/

  9. Wulf, A. (2016). The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt’s New World (1st Vintage Books edition). Vintage Books. (p. 347, 367).

  10. Davies, N. (2015, May 14). Cuckoos and their victims: An evolutionary arms race [Royal Society Lecture]. https://youtu.be/n0O6S4hDDfE (29 min in).

  11. Spottiswoode, C. N., & Stevens, M. (2012). Host-Parasite Arms Races and Rapid Changes in Bird Egg Appearance. The American Naturalist, 179(5), 633–648. https://doi.org/10.1086/665031

  12. Nuwer, R. (2013, September 24). Parasitic Cuckoo Finches Use an Egg Overload to Evade Host Defenses. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/parasitic-cuckoo-finches-use-an-egg-overload-to-evade-host-defenses-39218/

  13. Langmore, N. E., Stevens, M., Maurer, G., Heinsohn, R., Hall, M. L., Peters, A., & Kilner, R. M. (2011). Visual mimicry of host nestlings by cuckoos. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1717), 2455–2463. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2391

  14. Davies, N. (2015, May 14). Cuckoos and their victims: An evolutionary arms race [Royal Society Lecture]. https://youtu.be/n0O6S4hDDfE (50 min in).


Chapter 34: A Parting Note on Opposition

  1. Stewart, D. (2015, November 28). Anaximander—Biography, Facts and Pictures [Educational Resource]. https://www.famousscientists.org/anaximander/

  2. KOČANDRLE, R., & KLEISNER, K. (2013). Evolution Born of Moisture: Analogies and Parallels Between Anaximander’s Ideas on Origin of Life and Man and Later Pre-Darwinian and Darwinian Evolutionary Concepts. Journal of the History of Biology, 46(1), 103–124. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42628763

  3. Greek Philosophers: Aristarchus of Samos, Philolaus, and Hicetas. See: Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2019). Heliocentrism. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/heliocentrism

  4. Riebeek, H. (2009, July 7). Planetary Motion: The History of an Idea That Launched the Scientific Revolution [Text.Article]. Nasa.Gov; NASA Earth Observatory. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/OrbitsHistory

  5. Wulf, A. (2016). The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt’s New World (1st Vintage Books edition). Vintage Books. (p. 65-68).

  6. Interconnected Web - Ibid., (p. 23). But really, the entire book speaks of this conception.

  7. ‘Pre-Darwininan Darwinist’ - Ibid., (p. 366).

  8. Darwin’s praise for Humboldt and Humboldt’s effect on Darwin Ibid., (p. 23, 327-53).

  9. “Greatest Naturalist in the world” see: Humboldt, A., & Wulf, A. (2018). Selected Writings. Alfred A. Knopf. (p. vii, x). See also: BBC. (2000, June). Humboldt: Natural Traveler (No. 2) [Documentary]. In Wilderness Men. BBC. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgvX0QdYI6M (47:30 in).

  10. Wulf, A. (2016). The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt’s New World (1st Vintage Books edition). Vintage Books. (p. 142, 137-49).

  11. Humboldt, A., & Wulf, A. (2018). Selected Writings. Alfred A. Knopf. (p. x).

  12. Wasmuth, C. (2019). A name to conjure with [Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]. Explore. https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/explore/alexander-von-humboldt/a-name-to-conjure-with

  13. Campbell, J. (1988). Myths To Live By. Bantam Books. (p. 174-77).

  14. Watts, A. (2017). Out of your mind: Tricksters, interdependence, and the cosmic game of hide-and-seek. Sounds True, Inc. (p. 31).

  15. Ibid., (p. 8-9).

  16. TEDx Talks. (2014, June). Consciousness is a mathematical pattern: Max Tegmark at TEDxCambridge 2014 [TEDx Talk]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzCvlFRISIM (10:35 min in).

  17. Roughly, there are about twelve major religions in the world: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Taoism, Judaism, Confucianism, Baháʼí, Shinto, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism. For a summary of the twelve, see: Boyett, J. (2016). 12 major world religions: The beliefs, rituals, and traditions of humanity’s most influential faiths (1st edition). Zephyros Press.

  18. Right View or first step of the Noble Eightfold Path, see: Watts, A. (n.d.). Out Of Your Mind 11: The World as Emptiness (Part 1). The Library. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://www.organism.earth/library/document/out-of-your-mind-11 (24 min. in).

  19. Malone, A. (1980, November 30). The Edge of Forever (No. 10) [Documentary]. In Cosmos.







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